Giuseppe Mazzini
Italian revolutionary who founded Young Italy and called for Italy to be united as a single republic
Italian revolutionary who founded Young Italy and called for Italy to be united as a single republic
Cavour of the Kingdom of Sardinia joined the north and centre through diplomacy and war, and Garibaldi brought in the south; the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861. Venice was added in 1866 and Rome in 1870, completing unification.
Prime minister of Sardinia who led Italian unification through modernization and diplomacy, becoming the first prime minister of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861
Italian soldier and revolutionary who in 1860 led the Thousand, the “Redshirts”, to conquer Sicily and Naples and handed them to the King of Sardinia
King of Sardinia (1849–1861) and first king of united Italy (1861–1878)
Louis-Napoléon, nephew of Napoleon I, elected president in 1848, who made himself emperor (1852–1870) by a coup but was captured in the Franco-Prussian War and deposed
From the Declaration of Independence to the German Empire — a century in which liberalism and nationalism toppled the old order in Europe and the Americas and built nation-states