Augustus
Also called: Octavian
First Roman emperor (r. 27 BC – AD 14); as Octavian, Caesar’s adopted heir, he won at Actium and founded the principate
The great-nephew of Caesar, he was adopted as his son in Caesar’s will. After the Second Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus, he defeated Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BC. Receiving the title Augustus (“revered one”) from the Senate and calling himself “first citizen” (princeps), he held real power while keeping the forms of the republic. He organised a standing army and the provinces, rebuilt Rome in marble and laid the foundations of the Pax Romana. The month of August is named after him.