Florence Nightingale
British nurse who reformed sanitation in the military hospitals of the Crimean War, cutting soldiers’ death rates, and laid the foundations of modern nursing and its training
British nurse who reformed sanitation in the military hospitals of the Crimean War, cutting soldiers’ death rates, and laid the foundations of modern nursing and its training
When Russia, seeking to expand southward, went to war with the Ottoman Empire, Britain, France and Sardinia sided with the Ottomans. Russia lost Sevastopol and the war, and its southward drive was checked.
Emperor of Russia (1855–1881) who, after defeat in the Crimean War, emancipated the serfs and pursued reform from above, but was assassinated by revolutionaries
Louis-Napoléon, nephew of Napoleon I, elected president in 1848, who made himself emperor (1852–1870) by a coup but was captured in the Franco-Prussian War and deposed
From the Declaration of Independence to the German Empire — a century in which liberalism and nationalism toppled the old order in Europe and the Americas and built nation-states