Andong Kim father-in-law of King Sunjo whose hold on power began the era of in-law (sedo) government
Jeongjo had chosen his daughter as crown princess before his death. Under Sunjo he wielded power as the king's father-in-law, centred on the Bibyeonsa, and the Andong Kim clan went on to hold the key posts into the reigns of Heonjong and Cheoljong. In this period the sale of offices and abuse of the three revenue systems grew rife.
For some sixty years after Jeongjo, through the reigns of Sunjo, Heonjong and Cheoljong, royal in-law clans such as the Andong Kim and Pungyang Jo monopolized power; the three taxes became corrupt and peasant revolts followed.
Twenty-third king of Joseon, whose reign under in-law clan rule saw the Hong Gyeong-nae rebellion
Twenty-fourth king of Joseon, enthroned at eight while the Pungyang Jo and Andong Kim clans fought for power; the 1839 persecution took place in his reign
Twenty-fifth king of Joseon, raised on Ganghwa and placed on the throne by the Andong Kim clan; after the 1862 uprisings he set up an office to reform the three taxes
From the literati purges to in-law government — how Sarim factions moved from coexistence and checks to purges and one-faction rule, then through Tangpyeong to the dominance of a few clans
From land tax, tribute and labour to cash taxes in the Gabo Reform — burdens shifting from people and households to land