Nicolaus Copernicus
Also called: Mikołaj Kopernik, Copernicus
Polish astronomer and churchman whose On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres argued that the Earth moves around the Sun
Born the son of a merchant in Toruń, a trading town on the Vistula, he lost his father early and, with the help of his uncle, a bishop, studied at Kraków before learning canon law and medicine at Bologna and Padua in Italy. All his life he served as a canon of Frombork Cathedral, managing church estates, practising as a physician and even writing a proposal for currency reform. He circulated a summary of his heliocentric theory only among friends until the young mathematician Rheticus persuaded him at last to publish the full work.