Battle of Sarhu
In 1619 Nurhaci’s Later Jin defeated, one after another around Sarhu, the Ming armies advancing along four routes and Gang Hong-rip’s Korean force. The battle reversed the balance between Ming and Later Jin.
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After the Later Jin seized Fushun, the Ming in 1619 sent an army of around 100,000 under the supreme commander Yang Hao along four routes against the Jin capital at Hetu Ala. At Ming insistence — it had sent troops to Korea in the Imjin War — Joseon too dispatched just over 10,000 men under Gang Hong-rip, attached to Liu Ting’s eastern column.
Declaring “You come by many roads; I go by one,” Nurhaci massed his banners, first destroyed Du Song’s western column at Sarhu and within days broke Ma Lin’s northern column and Liu Ting’s eastern column in turn. The Korean army was badly beaten around Fucha (Simha), and Gang Hong-rip surrendered to the Jin with his remaining men.
The battle turned the tide: in 1621 the Later Jin took Liaoyang and Shenyang and won all of Liaodong. Gwanghaegun pursued a neutral diplomacy between Ming and Jin, but after the pro-Ming Westerners deposed him in the Injo coup (1623) and adopted a pro-Ming, anti-Jin line, the Jin invaded (the first Manchu invasion).